UNIT N° 6

GRAMMAR

6A Have to/don’t have to

Use have to/don’t have to to talk about obligation.

Use don’t have to to show it’s not necessary to do something.

+	-	?
I/You/We/They have to start work now.	You/We/They don’t have to start work now.	Do I/we/you/they have to start work now?
He/She/It has to start work now.	He/She/It doesn’t have to start work now.	Does he/she/it have to start work now?

6B Past simple: irregular verbs

Regular verbs	End with –ed (see 2D)	Change-changed Open-opened Print-printed Close-closed
Irregular verbs		Be-was/were Lose-lost Run-ran Drive-drove

6C Past continuous

Use the past continuous to talk about actions in the past which were in progress at a particular time.

+	-	?
I/He/She/It was sitting in the garden.	I/He/She/It wasn’t sitting in the garden.	Was I/he/she/it sitting in the garden?
You/We/They were playing tennis.	You/We/They weren’t playing tennis.	Were you/we/they playing tennis?

Short answers
Yes, I/he/she/it was.	No, I/he/she/it wasn’t.
Yes, you/we/they were.	No, you/we/they weren’t.

6D Past continuous and past simple

Use the past continuous and the past simple together to describe two things that happen at the same time in the past.

Use the past continuous to describe a longer action which started first, and was in progress.

Past continuous	Past simple
I was driving in the rain	and I crashed.
Were they having dinner	when you arrived?

6E Clause linking with when

Use when to join actions in the past continuous and past simple.

I was waiting for the train. It started to rain.

I was waiting for the train when it started to rain. When it started to rain, I was waiting for the train.

Past time expressions

Use a past time expression with a past tense to say when something happened.

Last night/month/Friday/weekend	I saw a car accident last month.
Yesterday, yesterday morning	They caught the criminal yesterday.
The day before yesterday the week before last	Somebody knocked down Miss Setter the day before yesterday.
Two days/a week/a month/a year ago	We bought this car two years ago.

VOCABULARY

6CVocabulary

Accountnumber: Número de cuenta

Cash: Efectivo

Cash machine: Cajero automático

Cashier: Cajero

Envelope: Sobre

Cheque: Cheque

Creditcard: Tarjeta de Credito

ID: Identificación

Stamp: Sello

Traveller’s cheque: Cheque de pasejero

Post code:Código postal

6D Vocabulary

Brake:Frenos

Chapter VI

The following day, a rainstorm keeps Mary indoors. She realizes that she is beginning to like both Martha and her stories of her family, and feels an affinity with both Dickon and Martha's mother, though she has never met either of them. To keep herself occupied despite the rain, she is not concerned that anyone will try to stop her, because no one in the manor much troubles themselves with her. In Yorkshire, unlike in India, Mary must fend for herself. As she walks through the manor's corridors, Mary notices many portraits of grand, antique-looking men and women hanging upon the walls; their faces seem to wonder at how a girl from India came to live on their estate. She is much interested in the portraits of children, and even speaks to one of a girl who looks like Mary herself: the girl is curious-looking, and a green parrot is perched upon her finger. Mary wishes the girl in the portrait were there to keep her company. Upon entering one of the rooms that open onto the corridor, Mary finds yet another portrait of the girl who looks so like her. The girl's stare unnerves her, and she leaves to explore a number of other rooms, stopping finally in one that might have once been a lady's sitting room. There, Mary happens upon a collection of ivory elephants; as she knows all about both ivory and elephants from her life in India, she is quite taken with them. Suddenly, she hears a soft rustling sound behind her, and turns to find a family of gray mice living in one of the room's velvet cushions. Mary thinks to herself that, though the mice and she may be the only living things in the manor at that moment, the mice, having each other, are not lonely at all. Upon going back into the corridor, Mary again hears a child's cry; when she goes off in search of its source, she is apprehended by a furious Mrs. Medlock, who takes her back to her room.

EXERCISES

Fill withhave to / has to or don't have to / doesn't have to.

Principio del formulario

1. Every man      has to     do military service in my country. It's obligatory.
2. When do we    have to     pay for the next term?
3. Policemen    have to    wear a uniform.
4. A pilot     has to     train for many years.
5. Does Susan     have to    work long hours?
6. I      don’t have to    get up early on Sundays. I can stay in bed.
7. You     have to    have a visa to come to Ukraine.
8. You     don’t have to     do it if you don't want to.
9. My daughter    doesn’t have to    cook, because I cook for the whole family.
10. We     don’t have to pay. It's free.

Final del formulario

UNIT N° 5

GRAMMAR

5A Adverbs of degree

Use the adverbs of degree to say how much an adjective is true.

	+/-	+++/---
Neutral + Positive adjectives	These jeans are quite comfortable.	Lara’s dress is very pretty. This shirt is really nice.
Negative + Negative adjectives	Pete’s a bit lazy. Those clothes are a little boring.	These trousers are too expensive.

The opposite of too is enough

Use an adverb of degree before an adjective, but use enough after an adjective.

5B Will/Shall (Offers and promises)

Use will/shall to make offers and promises

Promises	Will/won’t + verb	I won’t forget to post your letters. We’ll send you a postcard. You won’t find a cheaper computer.
Offers	Will/shall + verb	I’ll open the door for you Shall I lend you some money?

5C Phrasal verbs with on and off

Many phrasal verbs have two parts, a verb and an adverb. For example: try on; try is the verb and on is the adverb.

Phrasal verb + noun	Verb + noun + adverb Verb + adverb + noun	Can I try this dress on? Can I try on this dress?
Phrasal verb + pronoun	Verb + pronoun + adverb Not verb + adverb + pronoun	Can I try it on? Can I try on it?

5D must/mustn’t

Use must/mustn’t to talk about rules. Must means it is important to do something.

Mustn’t means it is important not to do something.

Must +  verb Mustn’t + verb

You must pay for the things before you leave the shop. He mustn’t eat in the shop.

Use must/mustn’t + infinitive without to.

Objects Pronouns

Subject Pronouns	Object Pronouns
I You He She It We They	Me You Him Her It Us Them	He doesn’t like me. I’ll meet you. Can you hear him? Listen to her. I sent it yesterday. Can you help us? Don’t drop them.

VOCABULARY

5A Vocabulary

Dress: Vestido

Sandals: Sandalias

Shorts: Pantalonescortos

Socks: Calcetines

Suit: Traje

Sweatshirt: Sudadera

Tights: Medias

Top: Top

Tracksuit: Chándal

Trainers: Zapatosdeportivos

Underwear: Ropa interior

Trousers: Pantalones

Jacket: Chaqueta

Bra: Brasier

Shoes: Zapatos

Gloves: Guantes

5B Vocabulary

Product: Producto

Quality: Calidad

Purchase: Comprar

Afraid: Asustado

Guarantee: Garantizar

Damaged: Estropeado

Deliver: Entregar

Register: Registro

5C Vocabulary

Sailors: Marineros

Miner: Minero

Neat: Ordenado

5D Vocabulary

Grass: Hierba

Skateboards: Patinetas

READING

Chapter V

Mary passes a number of weeks in which each of her days is like the others: she awakens, eats breakfast, and then wanders the moor all day. Her time out of doors begins to cause a change in her: she slowly begins to grow stronger and healthier, and her imagination, which had laid dormant during her time in India, is quickened by her exploration of the manor grounds and her search for the secret garden. Outside one of the walled gardens, Mary has a second encounter with Ben Weatherstaff's robin. She is terribly pleased to see him, and chases after the robin as he flies along the garden wall she even goes so far as to chirp and whistle at him, even though she does not know how. In her pursuit of the robin, she becomes certain that he lives in the secret garden. She cannot, however, find its door. That night, Martha tells Mary further stories of the secret garden, even though Master Craven has forbidden the servants to discuss it. The garden once belonged to Mrs. Craven, and she and her husband had spent many intimate hours there in the years of their marriage. It had been Mrs. Craven's custom to sit in a rose-covered bower at the top of one of the garden's trees, and, one day, she fell from it when a branch gave way. She died of her injuries, and, after her death, Archibald Craven could no longer bear the garden and had it locked shut. Hearing this story, Mary feels a great pity for her uncle. As she listens to the wind blowing over the moor, she is able to discern another sound beneath it: the sound of someone, a child, crying. Martha denies hearing any such sound, though Mary does not believe her.

EXERCISES

Fill the blanks using the adverbs of degree.

1. The hot and sour pork was too spicy for me to eat.

2. I am justtoo tired to work anymore.

3. Is this box lightenoughfor you to carry?

4. Thank youmuch for your nice words.

5. Do you haveenough money for emergencies?

6. How much calcium isenough to prevent bone loss?

7. Don't worry about your mother; she'll be homevery soon.

8. I'mvery interested in everyone's opinion, so I'll appreciate your view.

9. We don't get enough sleep because we have too much homework to do.

10. High-definition televisions are muchtoo expensive for the average American consumer.

UNIT N°4

GRAMMAR

4A Can/Could (requests)

For things	Can/Could I have a cup of tea, please?
For permission to do something	Can/Could I open the door, please?
For someone to do something	Can/Could you help me, please?

Could I/Could you…? Is more polite and formal than Can I/Can you…?

4B Present Perfect with a present result

Use the present perfect to talk about something which happened in the past, but has important results now.

Past Action	Present Result
I/You/We/They’ve washed the cups.	The cups are clean now.
He/She/It’s broken the computer.	The computer doesn’t work now.

To form the present perfect, use have/has + a past participle.

4C Present Perfect (+ - ?)

+ (‘ve = have, s’ = has )	- ( haven’t = have not, hasn’t = has not )	?
I/You/We/They’ve fed the dog.	I/ You/We/They haven’t fed the dog.	Have I/you/we/they fed the dog.
He/She/It’s washed the towels.	He/She It hasn’t washed the towels.	Has he/she/it washed the towels?

Short answers
Yes, I/you/we/they have. Yes, he/she/it has.	No, I/you/we/they haven’t. No, he/she/it hasn’t

4D Present perfect with ever / never

Use ever and never with the present perfect for emphasis.

Ever + present prefect question	= at any time before now.	Have you ever travelled abroad?
Never + present perfect positive form	= at no time before now.	We’ve never been to Canada.

4E Present perfect and past simple.

Use the present perfect to talk about an event which happened at some time before now. It isn’t important exactly when it happened. Use the past simple to talk about an event which happened in the past and is not connected to now.

Present Perfect	Past Simple
I’ve been to London this year. He’s never played chess We’ve visited Dublin twice.	I went to London last week. He didn’t play chess yesterday. We went to Dublin twice last year.

Use expressions of unfinished time with the present perfect, and expressions of finished time with the past.

Expressions of unfinished time	Expressions of finished time
Before now, today, this week, in my life.	Last summer, yesterday, last week, in 2001, when I was five.

VOCABULARY

4A Vocabulary

Blanket: cobija

Glass: vaso

Lamp: Lámpara

Remote control: Control remoto

Pillow: Almohada

Ashtray: Cenicero

Shampoo: shampoo

Sheet: sábana

Soap: jabón

Mini-bar: mini-bar

Tap: Toque, llave.

Towel: Toalla

Toilet roll: Rollo de papel

Floor: Piso

4CVocabulary

Cup: Taza

Knife: Cuchillo

Plate: Plato

Glass: Vaso

Spoon: Cuchara

Fork: Tenedor

Water: Agua

Heating: Calefacción

Gas: Gas

Electricity: Electricidad

4D Vocabulary

Abroad: En el extrajero

Rent: Renta

Heating: Calefacción

Guest: Invitado

Remote control: Control remoto

Fridge: Nevera

Shelf: Estante

READING

Chapter IV

Mary tells Martha how much she hates the moor; Martha replies that she will come to love it, just as Martha does herself. The housemaid is quite casual in her speech, and talks to the girl as though the two were equals. This much upsets Mistress Mary, who is used to the extreme servility of the servants who took care of her in India. When Mary asks Martha to help her in getting dressed, Martha is completely shocked. It had never occurred to her that the child might not be capable of dressing herself. In her surprise, she lapses into the dialect.

Martha begins to tell Mary about her family: her mother, father, and eleven brothers and sisters. She mentions that one of her younger brothers, Dickon, has an almost magical way with animals and keeps a wild pony as a pet. For the first time in her life, Mary finds herself interested in something other than herself: she is attracted by the idea of Dickon.

Mary refuses to eat the breakfast that is brought to her, which exasperates Martha, who has often seen her siblings go hungry. At Martha's suggestion, Mary decides to explore the moor. Before she ventures out, however, Martha mentions that, somewhere on the grounds, there is a garden that has been shut up for ten years. It was once Mrs Craven's garden and, after her death, Mr Craven locked its door and buried the key. Mary begins searching for the secret garden as soon as she leaves the manor. She first explores the gardens, and, over one of the garden walls, sees a robin redbreast, whose lovely appearance and cheerful song please Mary deeply. She feels certain that the tree on which he is perched is in the secret garden. In one of the gardens, Mary comes across a gruff old gardener named Ben Weatherstaff. When she mentions seeing the robin, the old man breaks into a beautiful soft whistle; Mary is terribly surprised, as the sound is so at odds with his surly appearance. Ben Weatherstaff tells Mary that the robin had been lonely after the rest of his brood flew away. Mary realizes that she too is lonely. Ben Weatherstaff observes that Mary and he are alike, in that they are both unattractive and have terrible tempers.

The robin breaks into song, in an attempt to make friends with Mary; as she has no friends in the entire world, she is almost painfully delighted. Mary attempts to ask Ben Weatherstaff about the secret garden, but he refuses to answer and walks away without a word of goodbye.

EXERCISES

Fill in the space in each sentence using either "Could I" or "Could You".

Principio del formulario

1. close your window please? It's very cold in here.

2.open the door for me please? I am carrying all these books.

3. Oh, Anna isn't at home! leave a message for her please?

4. Waiter! see the wine list now? Thank you.

5. Mary, I don't get my money till next week. lend me $20 till then?

6. I like this jacket a lot. try it on, please?

7. I didn't understand what you said to me. repeat it please?

8. Please borrow your car until tomorrow as mine is being repaired?

9. This case is very heavy! help me with it please?

10. Excuse me! Your music is on very loud. turn it down a little?